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Osteoarthritis is a prevalent degenerative articular cartilage disease accompanied by hypertrophic bone alterations. Genetics, feminine sex, prior trauma, growing age, and obesity are all risk factors. The diagnosis is based on a history of joint discomfort exacerbated by movement, which can lead to impairment in everyday tasks. Plain radiography may aid in diagnosis, but laboratory testing is typically ineffective. Treatment should begin with acetaminophen and progress to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Exercise is an effective therapy adjunct that has been demonstrated to decrease pain and impairment. When taken together, the supplements glucosamine and chondroitin can be used to treat moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis. Corticosteroid injections are affordable and give short-term (four to eight weeks) alleviation of osteoarthritic knee flare-ups, but hyaluronic acid injections are more expensive but can sustain symptom reduction for longer lengths of time. Total joint replacement of the hip, knee, or shoulder is indicated for patients who have chronic pain and impairment after receiving the most effective medical treatment.
