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The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and associated hazards in Indonesian Jammu were assessed. From 12.3 g/kg -235,376 g/kg of PAs were found in 34 of 35 jamus that contained PA-producing botanicals. 17 out of 23 Jammu-produced non-PA-producing botanicals had a total PA level of 5.9 g/kg -3,421 g/kg, indicating contamination with PAproducing plants. Although one sample would surpass an intake of 10 g PA/kg BW/day, which may cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) in humans, short-term ingestion of Jammu is unlikely to have acute harmful consequences. A priority for risk management is indicated when assuming daily lifelong use because the risk assessment for the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of PAs revealed Margin of Exposure (MOE) values < 10,000 for 27 out of all samples examined (46.6%). Using Haber's criterion and the assumption that intake occurs for two weeks annually throughout one's lifespan, 13 out of 35 Jammu samples (or 37% of the total) still pose a priority, but the Jammu made up of non-PA-producing botanicals would be of low priority. Due to the presence of hazardous PAs in Jammu, this study's findings can help Indonesian risk management efforts to reduce the possible health risk to consumers.
