Arsenic: Cellular physiology of biomolecular condensates

For a reasonably long period, it has been recognized that cells can contain organelles without membranes. Stress granules, processing bodies, and PML-NBs have all undergone extensive arsenic-related research among the membrane-less organelles. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the membrane-less organelles that concentrate biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) can self-organize through phase separation/transition. These biomolecular condensates (membrane-less organelles) can boost a particular reaction’s efficiency locally. Since the membrane-dependent certain compartmentalization has long been known to explain highly ordered biochemical complexes in cells, the biomolecular condensates have garnered enormous attention. In this brief review, we focus on how phase separation begins in each biomolecular condensate that arsenic may be present. We consider the suitability of the biomolecular condensates are formed at ROS levels that rely on the presence of arsenic. These viewpoints inspired us to reexamine the biophysical and bio rheological effects of arsenic on biological processes. Some biomolecules, such as proteins and RNA, are greatly concentrated in liquid droplet-like forms that are not encircled by a lipid bilayer membrane during Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS), a physiological biological process.