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Comparative anatomy, the study of similarities and differences in the anatomical structures of different organisms, provides crucial insights into evolutionary biology. By examining homologous and analogous structures, scientists can trace the evolutionary pathways that link diverse life forms and unravel the complex processes of natural selection and adaptation. This article reviews the historical development, methodologies, and contemporary significance of comparative anatomy in the context of evolutionary theory, developmental biology, and functional morphology. Special emphasis is placed on vertebrate anatomy, showcasing examples from mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish to illustrate shared traits and divergent adaptations.
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