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Phytotomy, or plant anatomy, is the study of the internal structure of plants. This field is fundamental for understanding plant function, development, and adaptation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of phytotomy, encompassing the structural organization of plant cells, tissues, and organs. We highlight key anatomical features in roots, stems, and leaves, explore the evolutionary adaptations in vascular plants, and discuss how phytotomy contributes to fields such as taxonomy, physiology, and ecology. The study also considers emerging methodologies in plant anatomical research, including digital imaging and molecular techniques.