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Neuroanatomy, the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, is foundational to neuroscience, neurology, and psychology. This article explores the intricate architecture of the human nervous system, including the central and peripheral systems, with particular focus on the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the functional correlations of anatomical structures, recent advances in imaging technologies, and the clinical implications of neuroanatomical knowledge. Understanding neuroanatomy is critical for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders and forms the basis for many biomedical innovations.