Vertebral Variation: An Overview of Morphological Diversity and Clinical Significance

The vertebral column; an essential component of the human axial skeleton; exhibits remarkable morphological diversity among individuals. This minireview manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of vertebral variation; focusing on the genetic; developmental; and environmental factors that contribute to these differences. Additionally; we explore the clinical implications of vertebral variation in various contexts; including spinal disorders; anthropological studies; and forensic investigations.