Laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general and thoracic spinal anesthesia

Although general anesthesia is typically used for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, many individuals with serious medical conditions occasionally find that they are unable to tolerate it. In these cases, thoracic spinal anesthesia may be helpful. Under spinal anesthetic and low-pressure CO₂ pneumoperitoneum, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely completed. In comparison to lumbar spinal anesthesia with normal doses, the use of thoracic puncture and modest doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine resulted in greater hemodynamic stability, less hypotension, and a shorter period of sensory and motor blockage.