Herbal plants as immunity against COVID-19

Received: 03-Jun-2022, Manuscript No. puljedpm-22-4865; Editor assigned: 05-Jun-2022, Pre QC No. puljedpm-22-4865 (PQ); Accepted Date: Jun 24, 2022; Reviewed: 13-Jun-2022 QC No. puljedpm-22-4865(Q); Revised: 17-Jun-2022, Manuscript No. puljedpm-22-4865(R); Published: 25-Jun-2022, DOI: 10.37532/ puljedpm.2022;5(3):39-40

Citation: Hoon R. Herbal plants as immunity against COVID-19. J Emerg Dis Prev Med.2022;5(3):39-40.

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Abstract

The novel Covid or serious intense respiratory disorder Covid 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a dangerous infection which has spread internationally and asserted huge number of lives. This clever infection communicates fundamentally through beads and close human contact. It's effect in various nations fluctuates relying upon geological area, climatic circumstances, food propensities, and social exercises. A few prudent steps, as well as many prescriptions, are applied in various mixes to restrict the spread of contamination. This outcomes in a primer help of individuals contaminated in the main phase of disease.An elective methodology has been presented which proposes regular spices, which make negligible or no side impacts, and work on by and large insusceptibility. A few fundamental spices with their immunomodulatory impacts are referenced in this article alongside ideas for further developed resistance and insurance.

INTRODUCTION

The world is enduring a difficult situation during which millions Tof people are dealing with an infectious outbreak from the novelCoronavirus. Initially, the virus infects the respiratory tract of the human body. The disease is known as an acute and severe respiratory syndrome. The first reported case of respiratory illness was in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China and this was formally announced to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 31st December 2019. Subsequently, on 30th January 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 an outbreak and, a global health emergency for the first time and on March 11, 2020, the WHO further declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic (WHO, 2020). The virus is made up of nucleoprotein, belongs to Betacoronavirus (betaCoV), and possibly originated from bats and rodents. The virus is spherical or pleomorphic in shape and contains single-stranded RNA in a capsid composed with protein matrix, and has been isolated from animal species. The outer cover or envelope contains club-shaped glycoprotein projections. These are crown like in appearance under an electron microscope due to the presence of spike glycoproteins on the shell. Commonly, the virus comes in contact with the uncoated host cell and then the genome is transcribed and further translated. Viral transcription takes place in the cytoplasm, and viral replication takes place using both continuous and discontinuous RNA synthesis. Hoon R. Herbal plants as immunity against COVID-19. J Emerg Dis Prev Med.2022;5(3):39-40. ABSTRACT The novel Covid or serious intense respiratory disorder Covid 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a dangerous infection which has spread internationally and asserted huge number of lives. This clever infection communicates fundamentally through beads and close human contact. It's effect in various nations fluctuates relying upon geological area, climatic circumstances, food propensities, and social exercises. A few prudent steps, as well as many prescriptions, are applied in various mixes to restrict the spread of contamination. This outcomes in a primer help of individuals contaminated in the main phase of disease. An elective methodology has been presented which proposes regular spices, which make negligible or no side impacts, and work on by and large insusceptibility. A few fundamental spices with their immunomodulatory impacts are referenced in this article alongside ideas for further developed resistance and insurance. Key Words: Immunity; Herbals; Medicine; Traditional application The coronavirus replicates via a range of RNA processing enzymes such as sequence-specific endoribonuclease, 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease, 2′- O-ribose methyltransferase, ADP ribose 1′-phosphatase and, in a subset of group 2 coronavirus, cyclic phosphodiesterase activities which are absent from other RNA viruses. The coronavirus has three to four viral proteins in the membrane which are known as conserved genes which are ORF1ab, spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid but among them, membrane glycoprotein (M) is found the most abundantly . Others such as spike (S), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are encoded by Open Reading Frames (ORFs) 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3′-terminus. The Spike protein (S) as a type I membrane glycoprotein constitutes the peplomers. The novel virus is very quick to propagate infection, which immediately causes virulence in humans. It binds to ACE2 (the AngiotensinConverting Enzyme 2) via its spike and infects the host cells through a mechanism that depends on cellular proteases, human airway trypsinlike protease (HAT), cathepsins , and Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) (Bertram et al., 2011). It spreads rapidly to other humans who are in close contact with an infected individual through respiratory droplets or aerosols dispersed through, coughing, and sneezing. The droplets penetrate the host human body especially into the lungs via inhalation through the nose or mouth. The novel virus is active on surfaces for around 9 h to several days, hence the chances of infection spread is high. The infection also spreads through various household products, such as plastic, stainless steel, copper, iron items where the virus stays in active mode for up to 4 hours−5 hours. The virus is more active until 40°C and slowly loses activity over 56°C. The earlier research reported that finger rings made up of gold, currency notes, silver, or any other metals, are more conductive to the spread of contaminants which people usually neglect when viruses stay active a longer time in the environment. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is roughly divided into three stages namely, stage-1, an asymptomatic incubation period with or without detectable COVID virus; stage-2, non-severe symptomatic period with the presence of COVID virus; and stage-3, severe respiratory symptomatic stage with extreme COVID viral load. Hence, major degradation of the intestine and kidney occurs as the virus propagates throughout the host human body. The impaired cells trigger intrinsic inflammation of the lungs by pro-inflammatory macrophages and granulocytes cause severe respiratory disorders which may become life-threatening. This is known as the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) arising from a rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs, which results in fatality. Thus, it initially involves the immune defense based protective phase where a boost is needed for immune responses, and then an inflammation-driven damaging phase where it is suppressed. The novel COVID-19 virus is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet rays. In addition, ether (75%), ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid, and chloroform are effectively used for inactivation of the virus (Cascella et al., 2020). Hence some chemicals mitigate COVID virus exposure. Other preventive measures include hand washing with soap or alcohol-based sanitizers, maintaining proper social distance, and the wearing of masks. It is also advisable to avoid touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, proper mask wearing without gaps between the face and the mask, cover the nose and mouth with a bent elbow or tissue during coughing or sneezing, staying home if a person has a fever, cough, or breathing problems. COVID 19 spreads by droplets and can stay in the air for 3 hours−8 hours and cannot be measured. Drastically it is capable of infecting a large number of people within few hours. Staying at home is the safest choice to prevent infection, as well as isolating sick people away from others so that they don’t infect others. This is known as home quarantine and it is the practice of confining a person and restricting movement for a limited time span (14 days–21 days). The governments of all countries use it to avoid the spread of this deadly novel corona disease. it is estimated that 194 million people were infected with COVID-19 with the worldwide death count estimated at 4.16 million as of 15th July 2021. Deaths were highest in the United States (0.61 million), followed by Brazil (0.55 million), and India (0.421 million). There are many possible medicines which have been effective for treating the virus-based symptoms but no comprehensive medicines. The antiviral drug, called favipiravir or Avigan, is an approved drug which used in Japan to treat influenza as well COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of malaria, is used for COVID-19 in various countries. Remdesivir, approved by FDA to treat COVID-19. Antiviral drug Kaletra, a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, is used to treat COVID-19 in China. A mix of HIV, swine flu, and Malaria, drugs and also anti-HIV drugs, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, have been accepted by Indian Council of Medical Research, India, to treat COVID-19 (Jin et al., 2020). Recently, many multinational companies from India, namely Sanofi, Pfizer & BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Vaccitech, Novavax, Vaxart, Heat Biologics Inc. and others, prepared a COVID-19 vaccine and there are now several in use. The first mass vaccination programme started in early December 2020. The Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty vaccine was listed for WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on 31 December 2020. The SII/Covishield and AstraZeneca/AZD1222 vaccines were given for EUL on 16th February 2021 and were developed by AstraZeneca/ Oxford and manufactured by the State Institute of India and SK Bio, respectively. India's indigenous Covid-91 vaccine, Covaxin was developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Virology (NIV) in June of 2021. Covaxin has demonstrated 77.8% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 infections. It is a 2-dose vaccination regimen given 28 days apart. The Janssen/Ad26.COV 2.S was developed by Johnson & Johnson, and was listed for EUL on 12 March 2021. The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA 1273) was listed for EUL on 30 April 2021 and the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was listed for EUL on 7 May 2021. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG). The SinovacCoronaVac was listed for EUL on 1 June 2021. Furthermore, various allopathic medicines are initially effective for treatment against the virus but have various side effects which are harmful to the heart, kidneys, and diabetic patients. Plasma therapy for the infected people by isolating plasma from blood from the healed people with viral infections is also an alternate therapy against Covid-19 virus. Therefore, some preventive measures are required and mainly alternative medicines with herbal plants are used to improve the immune system to counter COVID-19. To that end, a recent article identified a few key herbal plants (suggested by AUYSH, India) that provide strong protection, protecting against infection throughout the home quarantine period. It is believed that the herbs suggested supporting the immunity of the body. Conversely, also in China, alternatively, Traditional Chinese Medicines are used with extra care to prevent COVID-19 infection.

Keywords

Immunity; Herbals; Medicine; Traditional application